Action of 31 May 1762
| Action of 31 May 1762 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Anglo-Spanish War (1762–63) | |||||||
 A view of the captured Spanish frigate Hermione with Favourite (left) and Active (right) in background: painting by Richard Wright | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Great Britain |
 Spain | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Herbert Sawyer Philemon Pownoll | Juan de Zabaleta | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
1 frigate 1 Sloop | 1 frigate | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Light | 1 frigate captured | ||||||
The action of 31 May 1762 was a minor naval engagement that took place off the Spanish coast off Cadiz, between a British Royal Naval frigate and a sloop against a Spanish frigate during the recently declared Anglo-Spanish War (1762–63). When the Spanish ship surrendered, it was found that she carried a large cargo of gold and silver that would lead to the greatest amount of prize money awarded to British warships.[2]
Background
[edit]The war with Spain was only four months old when the Royal Navy sent a blockading force to the Spanish coast. The blockade aimed to block the dispatch of Spanish reinforcements to the Caribbean where Havana was under British siege, and to impede Spanish operations against Gibraltar or in the Mediterranean.[1]
Action
[edit]On 15 May 1762 Captain Herbert Sawyer's frigate, the 28-gun HMS Active, was sailing in company with the 18-gun sloop Favourite, Captain Philemon Pownoll, off the coast of Spain near the port of Cadiz. There they sighted the 26-gun Spanish frigate Hermione.[3][4]
The Hermione, under Lieutenant Juan de Zabaleta, had sailed from Callao, west of Lima on 6 January 1762, before, and probably ignorant of, the declaration of the Anglo-Spanish War. On sighting the Active and Favourite in the morning, the officers were slow to prepare for battle, only relocating officers and passengers to make way for the gunners by ten o'clock. The guns were not prepared, and the path to the powder magazine was cluttered. At one in the afternoon, the British ships tacked and started to head toward the Hermione. At three o'clock Lieutenant Francisco Javier Morales de los Rios, in charge of artillery, warned Zabaleta to call battle stations who inexplicably responded by refusing to do so until after dinner at five o'clock.[5][6]
The British vessels came up beside Herminone and fired a few rounds. The Spanish replied with a broadside, and then both Active and Favourite let loose their broadsides.[7] Soon Hermione only had her mizzen mast still standing. As his casualties rose, and having lost the ability to manoeuvre, the Spanish captain struck.[1][2]
There was confusion and misunderstanding between the Spanish officers, and the Hermione only managed two broadsides. When Zabaleta struck his colours, he stated that the English had confused the Hermione for a French frigate, though Morales was preparing to continue fire. When the English boarded, Lieutenant Zabaleta surrendered without the agreement of the other officers.[5][6]
The British soon took possession; only then did they realize this was no ordinary frigate as they discovered the riches on board.[1][2] Hermione had been bound for Cadiz with a cargo of bags of dollars, gold coin, ingots of gold and silver, cocoa, and blocks of tin.[4][8]
Her captors took Hermione into Gibraltar. She was eventually condemned as a prize, with her contents, hull, and fittings valued at £519,705 10s 0d, approximately £98 million at today's prices.[9] Pownoll and Sawyer each received a captain's share of the prize money of £64,872, approximately £12.2 million at today's prices[9]. Ordinary seamen received £480 each, equivalent to thirty years' wages.[2] The prize award is still a record.[4][10]
Consequences
[edit]Sawyer and Pownoll were now suddenly extremely wealthy. Pownoll used his money to buy the Sharpham estate at Ashprington, and to build a large house there designed by Robert Taylor and with gardens designed by Capability Brown.[2][4] It was about this time that he commissioned a portrait from Sir Joshua Reynolds.[2]
In contrast, on returning to Spain, Zabaleta was tried in a court-martial held aboard the Guerrero in the port of Cadiz and sentenced to death. He was later pardoned by Charles III of Spain and instead dismissed from the Navy and served ten years in prison despite an appeal for his release and an offer to fund the construction of a frigate to replace the lost vessel. Morales de los Rios was suspended for two years, during which he served in Xebecs. Another officer, Lieutenant Lucas Galves, was suspended for one year.[5][6]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c d Allen, Joseph (1852). Battles of the British Navy. Vol. 1. London: Bohn's illustrated library. p. 221. ASIN B009ZMMQ56.
- ^ a b c d e f Bradt, Hilary (15 May 2010). Slow Devon & Exmoor. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 144. ISBN 9781841623221.
- ^ Laughton, J. K.; Gwyn, rev. Julian. "Sawyer, Herbert". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ a b c d Wareham, Tom. "Pownoll, Philemon". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ a b c "Historia de las embarcaciones menores de la Real Armada. Historia de Fragatas (por letra H)" [History of vessels under the Royal Navy. History of Frigates (by letter H).] (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 June 2015. This tertiary source reuses information from other sources without citing them in detail.
- ^ a b c "Hermione (1752)" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015. This tertiary source reuses information from other sources without citing them in detail.
- ^ "Capture of The Hermione". Lloyd's Evening Post and British Chronicle. 6 August 1762. Archived from the original on 22 April 2009.[verification needed]
- ^ "The Monthly Chronologer". The London Magazine. 1762. p. 396.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
- ^ "Nelson and His Navy - Prize Money". The Historical Maritime Society. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2008.
Bibliography
[edit]- Clowes, William Laird. (2003). The Royal Navy: v. 3: A History - From the Earliest Times to 1900. Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1861760128.